Zhu, Y. et al. Iridium single atoms incorporated in Co3O4 efficiently catalyze the oxygen evolution in acidic conditions. Nat. Commun. 13, 7754 (2022).
Seitz, L. C. et al. A highly active and stable IrOx/SrIrO3 catalyst for the oxygen evolution reaction. Science 353, 1011–1014 (2016).
Li, A. et al. Atomically dispersed hexavalent iridium oxide from MnO2 reduction for oxygen evolution catalysis. Science 384, 666–670 (2024).
Hu, C. et al. Misoriented high-entropy iridium ruthenium oxide for acidic water splitting. Sci. Adv. 9, eadf9144 (2023).
Zhang, J. et al. Tantalum-stabilized ruthenium oxide electrocatalysts for industrial water electrolysis. Science 387, 48–55 (2025).
Dionigi, F. et al. Intrinsic electrocatalytic activity for oxygen evolution of crystalline 3D-transition metal layered double hydroxides. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 60, 14446–14457 (2021).
Ge, S. et al. A robust chromium–iridium oxide catalyst for high-current-density acidic oxygen evolution in proton exchange membrane electrolyzers. Energy Environ. Sci. 16, 3734–3742 (2023).
Wu, D. et al. Time-resolved spectroscopy uncovers deprotonation-induced reconstruction in oxygen-evolution NiFe-based (oxy) hydroxides. Nat. Commun. 16, 726 (2025).
Zhong, X. et al. Spatially and temporally resolved dynamic response of Co-based composite interface during the oxygen evolution reaction. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 146, 7467–7479 (2024).
Nong, H. N. et al. Key role of chemistry versus bias in electrocatalytic oxygen evolution. Nature 587, 408–413 (2020).
Qi, J.-Q. et al. Direct observation of all open-shell intermediates in a photocatalytic cycle. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 146, 7140–7145 (2024).
Zheng, X. et al. Ir–Sn pair-site triggers key oxygen radical intermediate for efficient acidic water oxidation. Sci. Adv. 9, eadi8025 (2023).
Chong, L. et al. La- and Mn-doped cobalt spinel oxygen evolution catalyst for proton exchange membrane electrolysis. Science 380, 609–616 (2023).
Xu, J., Yang, Y., Jin, H., Zheng, Y. & Qiao, S.-Z. Bridging gaps between lab- and fab-oriented anode design for proton exchange membrane water electrolyzers. Chem 11, 102305 (2025).
Liang, C. et al. Unravelling the effects of active site density and energetics on the water oxidation activity of iridium oxides. Nat. Catal. 7, 763–775 (2024).
Priamushko, T. et al. Be aware of transient dissolution processes in Co3O4 acidic oxygen evolution reaction electrocatalysts. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 147, 3517–3528 (2025).
Tang, J. et al. Undoped ruthenium oxide as a stable catalyst for the acidic oxygen evolution reaction. Nat. Commun. 16, 801 (2025).
Ram, R. et al. Water-hydroxide trapping in cobalt tungstate for proton exchange membrane water electrolysis. Science 384, 1373–1380 (2024).
Liu, Y. et al. Effectiveness of strain and dopants on breaking the activity–stability trade-off of RuO2 acidic oxygen evolution electrocatalysts. Nat. Commun. 16, 1717 (2025).
Zheng, Y.-R. et al. Monitoring oxygen production on mass-selected iridium–tantalum oxide electrocatalysts. Nat. Energy 7, 55–64 (2022).
McConohy, G. et al. Mechanical regulation of lithium intrusion probability in garnet solid electrolytes. Nat. Energy 8, 241–250 (2023).
Wu, Z.-Y. et al. Non-iridium-based electrocatalyst for durable acidic oxygen evolution reaction in proton exchange membrane water electrolysis. Nat. Mater. 22, 100–108 (2023).
Tao, H. B. et al. The gap between academic research on proton exchange membrane water electrolysers and industrial demands. Nat. Nanotechnol. 19, 1074–1076 (2024).
Lu, B. et al. Key role of paracrystalline motifs on iridium oxide surfaces for acidic water oxidation. Nat. Catal. 7, 868–877 (2024).
Xu, W. et al. Ultrathin transition metal oxychalcogenide catalysts for oxygen evolution in acidic media. Nat. Synth. 4, 327–335 (2025).
Shen, W., Da, P., Guo, L., Xi, P. & Yan, C.-H. Rare earth interface structure materials: synthesis, applications, and mechanisms. Acc. Mater. Res. 5, 712–725 (2024).
Jay, R. M. et al. Tracking C–H activation with orbital resolution. Science 380, 955–960 (2023).
Shen, W., Ye, Y., Xia, Q. & Xi, P. Progress in in situ characterization of electrocatalysis. EES Catal. 3, 10–31 (2025).
Yin, Z. et al. Femtosecond proton transfer in urea solutions probed by X-ray spectroscopy. Nature 619, 749–754 (2023).
Kang, J. et al. Dynamic three-dimensional structures of a metal-organic framework captured with femtosecond serial crystallography. Nat. Chem. 16, 693–699 (2024).
Shen, W. et al. Rare-earth-modified NiS2 improves H coverage for an industrial alkaline water electrolyzer. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 146, 5324–5332 (2024).
Yang, T. et al. Proton-controlled electron injection in MoS2 during hydrogen evolution revealed by time-resolved spectroelectrochemistry. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 147, 4531–4540 (2025).
Wei, R. et al. Unraveling the formation kinetics of the first intermediate in the oxygen evolution reaction on MnOx with different electron configurations. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 147, 23473–23481 (2025).
Zhang, D., Wang, R., Wang, X. & Gogotsi, Y. In situ monitoring redox processes in energy storage using UV–vis spectroscopy. Nat. Energy 8, 567–576 (2023).
Liang, C. et al. Role of electrolyte pH on water oxidation for iridium oxides. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 146, 8928–8938 (2024).

