Li, J. et al. Biological impact of lead from halide perovskites reveals the risk of introducing a safe threshold. Nat. Commun. 11, 310 (2020).
Zhang, H. et al. Lead immobilization for environmentally sustainable perovskite solar cells. Nature 617, 687–695 (2023).
Chen, H. et al. Improved charge extraction in inverted perovskite solar cells with dual-site-binding ligands. Science 384, 189–193 (2024).
Jiang, X. et al. Tin halide perovskite solar cells: an emerging thin-film photovoltaic technology. Acc. Mater. Res. 2, 210–219 (2021).
Zhu, Z. et al. Smooth and compact FASnI3 films for lead-free perovskite solar cells with over 14% efficiency. ACS Energy Lett. 7, 2079–2083 (2022).
Wang, J. et al. Controlling the crystallization kinetics of lead-free tin halide perovskites for high performance green photovoltaics. Adv. Energy Mater. 11, 2102131 (2021).
Zhang, Z. et al. Mechanistic understanding of oxidation of tin-based perovskite solar cells and mitigation strategies. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 62, e202308093 (2023).
Yu, B.-B. et al. Heterogeneous 2D/3D tin-halides perovskite solar cells with certified conversion efficiency breaking 14%. Adv. Mater. 33, 2102055 (2021).
Li, H. et al. High-member low-dimensional Sn-based perovskite solar cells. Sci. China Chem. 66, 459–465 (2023).
Shao, S. et al. Highly reproducible Sn-based hybrid perovskite solar cells with 9% efficiency. Adv. Energy Mater. 8, 1702019 (2018).
Shi, Y., Zhu, Z., Miao, D., Ding, Y. & Mi, Q. Interfacial dipoles boost open-circuit voltage of tin halide perovskite solar cells. ACS Energy Lett. 9, 1895–1897 (2024).
Chen, J. et al. Efficient tin-based perovskite solar cells with trans-isomeric fulleropyrrolidine additives. Nat. Photon. 18, 464–470 (2024).
Li, H. et al. Low-dimensional inorganic tin perovskite solar cells prepared by templated growth. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 60, 16330–16336 (2021).
Meng, X. et al. Surface-controlled oriented growth of FASnI3 crystals for efficient lead-free perovskite solar cells. Joule 4, 902–912 (2020).
Liu, X. et al. Templated growth of FASnI3 crystals for efficient tin perovskite solar cells. Energy Environ. Sci. 13, 2896–2902 (2020).
Liao, Y. et al. Highly oriented low-dimensional tin halide perovskites with enhanced stability and photovoltaic performance. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 139, 6693–6699 (2017).
Dong, J. et al. Mechanism of crystal formation in Ruddlesden–Popper Sn-based perovskites. Adv. Funct. Mater. 30, 2001294 (2020).
Kieslich, G., Sun, S. & Cheetham, A. K. Solid-state principles applied to organic–inorganic perovskites: new tricks for an old dog. Chem. Sci. 5, 4712–4715 (2014).
Pearson, R. G. Hard and soft acids and bases. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 85, 3533–3539 (1963).
Jiang, X. et al. One-step synthesis of SnI2·(DMSO)x adducts for high-performance tin perovskite solar cells. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 143, 10970–10976 (2021).
Flatken, M. A. et al. Role of the alkali metal cation in the early stages of crystallization of halide perovskites. Chem. Mater. 34, 1121–1131 (2022).
Jena, A. K., Kulkarni, A. & Miyasaka, T. Halide perovskite photovoltaics: background, status, and future prospects. Chem. Rev. 119, 3036–3103 (2019).
Jung, M., Ji, S.-G., Kim, G. & Seok, S. I. Perovskite precursor solution chemistry: from fundamentals to photovoltaic applications. Chem. Soc. Rev. 48, 2011–2038 (2019).
Quintero-Bermudez, R. et al. Compositional and orientational control in metal halide perovskites of reduced dimensionality. Nat. Mater. 17, 900–907 (2018).
Zhang, J. et al. Uniform permutation of quasi-2D perovskites by vacuum poling for efficient, high-fill-factor solar cells. Joule 3, 3061–3071 (2019).
Peng, W. et al. Reducing nonradiative recombination in perovskite solar cells with a porous insulator contact. Science 379, 683–690 (2023).
Zhang, X. et al. Stable high efficiency two-dimensional perovskite solar cells via cesium doping. Energy Environ. Sci. 10, 2095–2102 (2017).
Guo, Z. et al. Promoting energy transfer via manipulation of crystallization kinetics of quasi-2D perovskites for efficient green light-emitting diodes. Adv. Mater. 33, 2102246 (2021).
Wang, J. et al. Colloidal zeta potential modulation as a handle to control the crystallization kinetics of tin halide perovskites for photovoltaic applications. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 63, e202317794 (2024).
Meng, X. et al. Crystallization kinetics modulation of FASnI3 films with pre-nucleation clusters for efficient lead-free perovskite solar cells. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 60, 3693–3698 (2021).
Polte, J. Fundamental growth principles of colloidal metal nanoparticles – a new perspective. CrystEngComm 17, 6809–6830 (2015).
Ohshima, H. Approximate analytic expression for the stability ratio of colloidal dispersions. Colloid Polym. Sci. 292, 2269–2274 (2014).
Wang, J. et al. Templated growth of oriented layered hybrid perovskites on 3D-like perovskites. Nat. Commun. 11, 582 (2020).
Lee, J.-W. et al. Solid-phase hetero epitaxial growth of α-phase formamidinium perovskite. Nat. Commun. 11, 5514 (2020).
Luo, C. et al. Facet orientation tailoring via 2D-seed-induced growth enables highly efficient and stable perovskite solar cells. Joule 6, 240–257 (2022).
Wang, J. et al. Oriented attachment of tin halide perovskites for photovoltaic applications. ACS Energy Lett. 8, 1590–1596 (2023).
Sidhik, S. et al. Two-dimensional perovskite templates for durable, efficient formamidinium perovskite solar cells. Science 384, 1227–1235 (2024).
Zhou, X. et al. Additive engineering with 2,8-dibromo-dibenzothiophene-S,S-dioxide enabled tin-based perovskite solar cells with 14.98% power conversion efficiency. Energy Environ. Sci. 17, 2837–2844 (2024).
Jokar, E. et al. Slow passivation and inverted hysteresis for hybrid tin perovskite solar cells attaining 13.5% via sequential deposition. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 12, 10106–10111 (2021).
Gao, W. et al. Robust stability of efficient lead-free formamidinium tin iodide perovskite solar cells realized by structural regulation. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 9, 6999–7006 (2018).
Zhu, P. et al. Aqueous synthesis of perovskite precursors for highly efficient perovskite solar cells. Science 383, 524–531 (2024).
Lin, Y. et al. Unveiling the operation mechanism of layered perovskite solar cells. Nat. Commun. 10, 1008 (2019).
Yuan, M. et al. Perovskite energy funnels for efficient light-emitting diodes. Nat. Nanotechnol. 11, 872–877 (2016).
Jiang, X. et al. Ultra-high open-circuit voltage of tin perovskite solar cells via an electron transporting layer design. Nat. Commun. 11, 1245 (2020).
Ghahremanirad, E., Bou, A., Olyaee, S. & Bisquert, J. Inductive loop in the impedance response of perovskite solar cells explained by surface polarization model. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 8, 1402–1406 (2017).
Zhou, J. et al. Chemo-thermal surface dedoping for high-performance tin perovskite solar cells. Matter 5, 683–693 (2022).
Nasti, G. et al. Pyridine controlled tin perovskite crystallization. ACS Energy Lett. 7, 3197–3203 (2022).
Wang, T. et al. High open circuit voltage over 1 V achieved in tin-based perovskite solar cells with a 2D/3D vertical heterojunction. Adv. Sci. 9, 2200242 (2022).
Sun, C. et al. Well-defined fullerene bisadducts enable high-performance tin-based perovskite solar cells. Adv. Mater. 35, 2205603 (2023).
